{"id":560,"date":"2020-03-27T22:59:15","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T22:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/?page_id=560"},"modified":"2020-11-29T15:34:11","modified_gmt":"2020-11-29T15:34:11","slug":"elementor-560","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/","title":{"rendered":"In\u017eenjeri ekosistema 1: postavljanje temelja"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Bojan Kenig<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vrste \u010dije prisustvo i aktivnosti u najve\u0107oj meri modifikuju svoju fizi\u010dku i hemijsku sredinu, a samim tim uti\u010du i na druge organizme u \u017eivotnoj sredini, \u010desto se nazivaju \u201ein\u017eenjerima ekosistema\u201c ( Whright and Jones 2006). Definisanjem uloge koju mnogi organizmi igraju u stvaranju, modifikaciji i odr\u017eavanju stani\u0161ta, ekolozi su se fokusirali na povratne sprege izme\u0111u ovih organizama i njihovog stalno prisutnog funkcionalnog konteksta (Hastings et al 2007). Primer takve povratne sprege jeste na\u010din na koji su fotosinteti\u010dki organizmi stvorili oksigenisanu atmosferu planete Zemlje, a zatim je koristili i nastavili da je koriste do danas. U isto vreme, promene koje organizmi uzrokuju u svojoj sredini mogu stvoriti evolucionu povratnu spregu oblikovanjem selektivnih pritisaka i na \u201ein\u017eenjerske\u201c vrste ali i na druge vrste u okru\u017eenju, \u0161to se opet mo\u017ee videti na primeru spektakularne biolo\u0161ke raznovrsnosti organizama koji koriste kiseonik.\u00a0<\/p>

Pre oko dve milijarde godina planeta Zemlja je pro\u0161la kroz najzna\u010dajniju sredinsku promenu u svojoj istoriji, promenu koja ju je transformisala iz planete sli\u010dne Saturnovom mesecu Titanu, sa atmosferom bogatom metanom, u planetu sa \u010distim omota\u010dem bogatim kiseonikom koji i mi udi\u0161emo. Ovakav dramati\u010dan porast koncentracije kiseonika u atomsferi nastao je delovanjem jednog od najranijeg jedno\u0107elijskog organizma, cijanobakterije koja je naseljavala okeane pra-Zemlje. Metabolizam ovog organizma uklju\u010divao je i kompleksan proces fotosinteze kojom se sun\u010deva energija fiksira u hemijski iskoristljiv oblik (ugljeni hidrati), stvaraju\u0107i molekularni kiseonik kao nusproizvod. Zajedni\u010dka fotosinteti\u010dka aktivnost ovih mikroskopskih organizama je postepeno i nepovratno transformisala hemiju vazdu\u0161ne sredine na\u0161e planete, \u0161to je dovelo do toga da se organska evolucija nakon toga odvija adaptacijama na oksigenisanu atmosferu. Kiseonik je u to vreme bio izuzetno toksi\u010dan za ve\u0107inu organizama u okru\u017eenju. Oksidativni stres, u kombinaciji sa drugim sredinskim stresorima, kao \u0161to su UV zra\u010denje i su\u0161a, usmerili su pritisak prirodne selekcije ka eukariotskim oblicima \u017eivota. Eukariotska \u0107elija, sa svojom novom mogu\u0107no\u0161\u0107u mnogo efikasnijeg oksidativnog metabolizma, efikasnijim mehanizmima popravke o\u0161te\u0107enja na DNK, u kombinaciji sa nekim oblikom \u0107elijske fuzije, krenula je evolutivnom putanjom ka polnom razmno\u017eavanju i formiranju vi\u0161e\u0107elijskih organizama (Taylor and McElwain 2010).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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„Zajedni\u010dka fotosinteti\u010dka aktivnost ovih mikroskopskih organizama je postepeno i nepovratno transformisala hemiju vazdu\u0161ne sredine na\u0161e planete, \u0161to je dovelo do toga da se organska evolucija nakon toga odvija adaptacijama na oksigenisanu atmosferu.“<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aktivnosti fotosinteti\u010dkih organizama nastavljaju da odre\u0111uju sastav zemljine atmosfere. Zahvaljuju\u0107i tome \u0161to je zajedni\u010dki predak dominantne evolucione grane, koja uklju\u010duje i zelene alge i vaskularne biljke, simbiontski \u201cprogutao\u201d cijanobakterije, morski fitoplantkon kao i kasniji vi\u0161e\u0107elijski organizmi u ovoj evolucionoj grani imaju sposobnost fotosinteti\u010dke fiksacije ugljenika i produkcije kiseonika. Procenjeno je da aktivnosti fotosinteti\u010dkih organizama godi\u0161nje ugra\u0111uju u tkivo biljaka oko 120 milijardi tona ugljenika iz atmosfere (od ukupno 730 milijardi tona, koliko je ukupno prisutno ugljenika u atmoferi) (Hetherington and Woodward 2003).\u00a0<\/p>

Kao \u0161to je slu\u010daj sa drevnom cijanobakterijom i Zemljinom atmosferom, kolektivna metaboli\u010dka aktivnost \u010dak i najmanjeg organizma mo\u017ee su\u0161tinski oblikovati sredinske uslove unutar i van njihove funkcionalne sfere. Dana\u0161nji morski mikroorganizmi predstavljaju primer ovih spolja\u0161njih uticaja na nekoliko na\u010dina. Jedan takav sredinski uticaj proizilazi iz nedavno otkrivene \u010dinjenice da morski fitoplankton osloba\u0111a zna\u010dajne koli\u010dine metaboli\u010dkih proizvoda bogatih sumporom u morsku vodu, obezbe\u0111uju\u0107i na taj na\u010din osnovne prirodne izvore isparljivog jedinjenja dimetil sulfida. Ova hemikalija oksiduje u atmosferi i u\u010destvuje u stvaranju gustih oblaka, koji imaju va\u017enu ulogu u oblikovanju globalne klime. Me\u0111utim, ovakvi efekti indirektno uti\u010du na temperaturu i svetlosne uslove na razli\u010ditim dubinama unutar i iznad mora, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i samu zonu morskog fitoplanktona.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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„Kao \u0161to je slu\u010daj sa drevnom cijanobakterijom i Zemljinom atmosferom, kolektivna metaboli\u010dka aktivnost \u010dak i najmanjeg organizma mo\u017ee su\u0161tinski oblikovati sredinske uslove unutar i van njihove funkcionalne sfere.“<\/i><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ogromna uloga razli\u010ditih mikroorganizama u biogeohemijskim ciklusima je nedvosmislena. Oni su uticajem na hemijska i fizi\u010dka svojstva povr\u0161ine na\u0161e planete postavili temelje za nastanak i opstanak svih drugih oblika \u017eivota. I dan danas mikroorganizmi predstavljaju dominantan oblik \u017eivota na Zemlji i odgovorni su za odr\u017eavanje biosfere u celosti.\u00a0<\/p>

U Antropocenu, u kojem se trenutno nalazimo, klimatske promene uti\u010du na sav \u017eivot na Zemlji, pa samim tim i na mikroorganizme. Zbog toga je potrebno ne samo da razumemo na koji na\u010din mikroorganizmi uti\u010du na \u017eivotnu sredinu, ve\u0107 i na koji na\u010din globalne klimatske i sredinske promene, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i uticaj ljudi, uti\u010du na mikroorganizme.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Spread the word<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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By Bojan Kenig Vrste \u010dije prisustvo i aktivnosti u najve\u0107oj meri modifikuju svoju fizi\u010dku i hemijsku sredinu, a samim tim uti\u010du i na druge organizme u \u017eivotnoj sredini, \u010desto se […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":533,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-560","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","clearfix"],"yoast_head":"\nIn\u017eenjeri ekosistema 1: postavljanje temelja | Bio2Arh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In\u017eenjeri ekosistema 1: postavljanje temelja | Bio2Arh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Bojan Kenig Vrste \u010dije prisustvo i aktivnosti u najve\u0107oj meri modifikuju svoju fizi\u010dku i hemijsku sredinu, a samim tim uti\u010du i na druge organizme u \u017eivotnoj sredini, \u010desto se […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bio2Arh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/category\/Arts---Humanities-Website\/Bio2Arh-563495847435142\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-29T15:34:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Bojan_circle_black-and-white.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/\",\"name\":\"In\u017eenjeri ekosistema 1: postavljanje temelja | Bio2Arh\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-27T22:59:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-11-29T15:34:11+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-560\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Blog\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/elementor-533\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"In\u017eenjeri ekosistema 1: postavljanje temelja\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/\",\"name\":\"Bio2Arh\",\"description\":\"biologija - 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