{"id":823,"date":"2020-11-25T23:24:12","date_gmt":"2020-11-25T23:24:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/?page_id=823"},"modified":"2020-11-29T19:19:33","modified_gmt":"2020-11-29T19:19:33","slug":"elementor-823","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-823\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"
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Neobi\u010dni slu\u010daj zelenog pu\u017ea<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Preuzeto iz Organism and Environment, First Ed., Sonia E. Sultan, 2015, Oxford University Press <\/span>
Edited by Bojan Kenig<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mali morski meku\u0161ac – atlantski morski pu\u017e Elysia chlorotica, predstavlja dobar primer odnosa organizama i \u017eivotne sredine. Ovaj pu\u017e se hrani filamentoznom \u017euto-zelenom algom Vaucheria litore, pri \u010demu unosi u sebe sadr\u017eaj svake od izdu\u017eenih vi\u0161ejedarnih \u0107elija ove alge. U tom procesu on zadr\u017eava hloroplaste iz tih \u0107elija, koji se zatim ugra\u0111uju u \u0107elije njegovog digestivnog trakta. U tim \u0107elijama hloroplasti vr\u0161e fotosintezu veoma uspe\u0161no, obezbe\u0111uju\u0107i ovom morskom pu\u017eu metaboli\u010dku energiju i ugljeni\u010dne proizvode kojima on gradi svoj mukozni omota\u010d (Rumpho i sar. 2000, 2008; Venn i sar. 2008; Rumpho 2011). Ovakav kleptoplasti\u010dni oblik simbioze (od gr\u010dkih re\u010di kleptes (\u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) – lopov, i plastos (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2) – stvoren, oblikovan) neobi\u010dan je po tome \u0161to su hloroplasti ugra\u0111eni direktno u telo ovog pu\u017ea u vidu ogoljenih organela koje ostaju funkcionalne, tako da zapravo \u0107elije samog pu\u017ea vr\u0161e fotosintezu. Jo\u0161 uvek nije jasno na koji na\u010din hloroplasti mogu da nastave da funkcioni\u0161u unutar \u0107elija ovih meku\u0161aca, s obzirom da nema dokaza za horizontalni transfer gena alge Vaucheria u DNK vrste Elysia. Jedna mogu\u0107nost je da su klju\u010dni geni alge na neki na\u010din ve\u0107 postoje van hromozoma u \u0107elijama pu\u017ea i da na taj na\u010din reguli\u0161u funkciju fotosinteze (Bhattacharaya i sar. 2013; de Vries i sar. 2013).<\/p>

Uprkos njihovoj klju\u010dnoj ulozi, hloroplasti se ne prenose na potomstvo ovog pu\u017ea putem jaja. Umesto toga, planktonske larve ovog meku\u0161ca moraju samostalno da se hrane na filamentima alge Vaucheria<\/i> tokom nekoliko dana, kako bi same obezbedile fotosinteti\u010dku funkciju i zavr\u0161ili metamorfozu i razvoj (Rumpho i sar. 2011; Pelletreau i sar. 2012). Progutani hloroplasti daju mladim pu\u017eevima sjajnu zelenu boju (odatle i latinski naziv vrste i uobi\u010dajeno ime). Od ovog trenutka na dalje, zeleni pu\u017eevi mogu sebe izdr\u017eavati isklju\u010divo fotosinteti\u010dkom aktivno\u0161\u0107u i vezivanjem ugljenika, \u017eive\u0107i kao biljka tokom svog desetomese\u010dnog \u017eivota (ali hrane\u0107i se i algom Vaucheria<\/i> ukoliko je na\u0111u usput). Da stvar bude jo\u0161 \u010dudnija, telo odrasle \u017eivotinje je zapravo ima oblik lista sa malom glavom. Zbog svojih spljo\u0161tenih parapodija u obliku lista, postoje pretpostavke da ovi pu\u017eevi reguli\u0161u koli\u010dinu svetlosti koja pada na njih, menjanjem svog pozicionog ugla, ba\u0161 kao \u0161to to biljke rade pomo\u0107u peteljki listova (Rumpho i sar. 2011).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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„Od ovog trenutka na dalje, zeleni pu\u017eevi mogu sebe izdr\u017eavati isklju\u010divo fotosinteti\u010dkom aktivno\u0161\u0107u i vezivanjem ugljenika, \u017eive\u0107i kao biljka tokom svog desetomese\u010dnog \u017eivota (ali hrane\u0107i se i algom <\/span>Vaucheria<\/span> ukoliko je na\u0111u usput)<\/span><\/span>„<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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U ovom slu\u010daju, kao i kod drugih kleptoplasti\u010dnih vrsta, osnovna funkcionalnost organizma tj njegov na\u010din prilago\u0111avanja na \u017eivotnu sredinu, je sredinski ste\u010dena. Postavlja se pitanje – da li je alga deo \u017eivotne sredine ovog meku\u0161ca ili predstavlja njegov sastavni deo? Zapravo, ova \u017eivotinja uklju\u010duje u sopstveni razvoj deo svoje (bioti\u010dke) sredine. Rezultiraju\u0107i fenotip odre\u0111uje spolja\u0161nju sredinu kao sredinu biljnog organizma, karakteri\u0161u\u0107i je primarno prisustvom sun\u010deve svetlosti a mnogo manje prisustvom heterotrofnih resursa (hranljivih materija u vodi). \u017divotna sredina je izgradila zelenog pu\u017ea i zeleni pu\u017e gradi svoju sredinu.<\/span><\/p>

Iako su detalji ovakvog scenarija neobi\u010dni, uzajamna izgradnja (ko-konstrukcija) je univerzalna odlika odnosa organizam – \u017eivotna sredina (Lewontin 1985). Delovi spolja\u0161nje sredine, od \u010ditavih mikroorganizama (S. Gilbert i Epel 2009; Kerney i sar. 2011; Nicholson i sar. 2012) do hranljivih materija ili signalnih molekula, intimno su inkorporisani u bilo koji biolo\u0161ki organizam, kao informacija razvonih procesa ali i kao fiziolo\u0161ki resurs. Tako\u0111e, rezultuju\u0107i organizam odre\u0111uje prirodu i nivo abioti\u010dkih i bioti\u010dkih varijabli koje \u010dine relevantnu sredinu i uti\u010du na stanje tih varijabli, Kao \u0161to je filozof Rasel Grej primetio, ko-konstrukcija organizama i \u017eivotne sredine otvara pitanje da li unutra\u0161nji ili spolja\u0161nji faktori postoje nezavisno u biolo\u0161kom smislu (Gray 1992). To nas vra\u0107a na misao o veoma poroznoj granici izme\u0111u organizma i sredine, sa uzro\u010dno\u0161\u0107u koja je recipro\u010dna. Ova \u201cko-konstrukcija\u201d tako\u0111e navodi i na promenu istra\u017eiva\u010dkog pristupa, u kojem se do sada odvojeno karakterisao organizam i njegova \u017eivotna sredina, u cilju definisanja ekolo\u0161ke ni\u0161e i selekcionih pritisaka. Da li je korisno isklju\u010divo fokusirati se na odnos organizma i sredine, pre nego na ta dva kao odvojene entitete, i time integrisati evoluciju, ekologiju i razvi\u0107e?<\/span><\/p>

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Preuzeto iz Organism and Environment, First Ed., Sonia E. Sultan, 2015, Oxford University Press.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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„<\/i><\/span>Kao \u0161to je filozof Rasel Grej primetio, ko-konstrukcija organizama i \u017eivotne sredine otvara pitanje da li unutra\u0161nji ili spolja\u0161nji faktori postoje nezavisno u biolo\u0161kom smislu (Gray 1992).<\/span>„<\/i><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kleptoplastija – ili kleptoplastidija je simbionski fenomen kada doma\u0107inski organizam uzima plastide iz algi, posebno hloroplaste. Algu doma\u0107in jede i elimi\u010dno vari, a plastid ostaje netaknut. Plastidi se odr\u017eavaju unutar doma\u0107ina, privremeno nastavljaju\u0107i fotosintezu.<\/span><\/p>

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Horizontalni transfer gena – predstavlja prenos i\/ili razmenu geneti\u010dkog materijala izme\u0111u filogenetski udaljenih vrsta. Razlikuje se od vertikalnog transfera gena – preno\u0161enje geneti\u010dkog materijala sa roditelja na potomstvo u okviru iste vrste.<\/span><\/p>

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Hromozomi – \u0107elijske strukture u koje je organizovan geneti\u010dki materijal (DNK) organizma.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ekolo\u0161ka ni\u0161a – zbir svi ekolo\u0161kih faktora jedne vrste ili jednog organizma. Postoji vi\u0161e definicija ovog pojma. <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Neobi\u010dni slu\u010daj zelenog pu\u017ea Preuzeto iz Organism and Environment, First Ed., Sonia E. Sultan, 2015, Oxford University Press  Edited by Bojan Kenig Mali morski meku\u0161ac – atlantski morski pu\u017e Elysia […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":533,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":[],"yoast_head":"\n| Bio2Arh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bio2arh.org\/en\/elementor-533\/elementor-823\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"| Bio2Arh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Neobi\u010dni slu\u010daj zelenog pu\u017ea Preuzeto iz Organism and Environment, First Ed., Sonia E. 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